Cross Index	Gluconobacter
SuperSet	Prokaryote, Eubacteria Gram-Negative Aerobic/ Microaerophilic Rods and Cocci
Compare	AAcetobacter, Acidiphilium, Acidomonas methanolica, Acidothermus cellulolyticus, Acidovorax, Acinetobacter, Afipia, Agrobacterium, Agromonas oligotrophica, Alcaligenes, Alteromonas, Aminobacter, Aquaspirillum, Azomonas, Azorhizobium caulinodans, Azotobacter, Bacteroides, Beijerinckia, Bordetella, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Brucella, Chromohalobacter marismortui, Chryseomonas luteola, Comamonas, Cupriavidus necator, Deleya, Derxia gummosa, Ensifer adherans, Erythrobacter longus, Flavimonas oryzihabitans, Flavobacterium, Francisella, Frateuria aurantica, Gluconobacter, Halomonas, Hydrogenophaga, Janthinobacterium lividum, Kingella, Lampropedia hyalina, Legionella, Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus, Marinomonas, Mesophilobacter marinus, Methylobacillus glycogenes, Methylobacterium, Methylococcus, Methylomonas, Methylophaga, Methylophilus, Methylovorus glucosotrophus, Moraxella, Morococcus cerebrosus, Neisseriaceae, Neisseria, Oceanospirillum, Ochrobactrum anthropi, Oligella, Paracoccus, Phenylobacterium immobile, Phyllobacterium, Pseudomonas, Psychrobacter immobilis, Rhizobacter daucus, Rhizobium, Rhizomonas suberifaciens, Rochalimaea, Roseobacter, Rugomonas rubra, Serpens, Sinorhizobium, Sphingobacterium, Taylorella equigenitalis, Thermoleophilum, Thermomicrobium, Thermus, Variovorax paradoxus, Volcaniella eurhalina, Weeksella, Wolinella, Xanthobacter, Xanthomonas, Xyella fastidiosa, Xylophilus ampelinus, Zoogloea ramigera
Contrast	Archaea
Subset

 

Morphology

Gluconobacter

CELLULAR

Staining	Gram-negative (in a few cases Gram-variable).
Morphology	Cells ellipsoidal to rod shaped, 0.5-0.8 x 0.9-4.2 um, occurring singly and/or in pairs, rarely in chanisn. Enlarged, irregular cell forms (involution forms) may occur.
Motility	Motile or nonmotile; if motile, the cells have 3-8 polar flagella, rarely a single flagellum.
Specialized structures	Nonsporing.

Division

COLONIAL

Solid surface

Colonies are pale.

Liquid

 

Growth Parameters

Gluconobacter

PHYSIOLOGICAL

Tropism	Chemoorganotrophic. Oxidize ethanol to acetic acid.* Do not oxidize acetate or lactate to CO2 and H2O
Oxygen	Obligately aerobic, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor
pH	Optimum pH, 5.5-6.0; most strains will grow at pH 3.6
Temperature	Optimum temperature, 25=30`C; no growth at 37'C
Requirements
Products	Strong ketogenesis occurs from poly- alcohols. Acid formation from D-glucose and D-xylose is pronounced (pH < 4.5). All strains produce 2-ketogluconic acid from D-glucose, and the majority of strains also form 5- ketogluconic acid. No acid production or growth occurs on lactose or starch
Enzymes	Strongly catalase-positive. Oxidase-negative. Negative for nitrate reduction, gelatin liquefaction, indole production and H2S formation.
Unique features

ENVIRONMENTAL

Habitat	Gluconobacter strains occur in flowers, garden soil baker's yeast, honey bees, fruits, cider, beer, wine, wine vinegar, South African Bantu beer, palmsap and soft
Lifestyle
Pathogenicity	They cause pink disease in pineapple and rot in apples and pears.

Distribution

 

Genome

Gluconobacter

G+C Mol %

56-64

 

Reference

Gluconobacter

First citation	Asai,T.(1935) Taxonomic studies on acetic acid bacteria and allied oxidative bacteria isolated from fruits, A new classification of the oxidative bacteria. J. Agr. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 11:499-513,610-620,674-708.
Emended	Asai, T., H. Lizuka and K. Komaqata. 1964. The flagellation and taxonomy of the genera Gluconobacter and Acetobacter with reference to the existence of intermediate strains. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol 10: 95-126
The Prokaryotes	p
Bergey's Systematatic	p 275 J. De |Ley and J. Swings
Bergey's Determinative	p 84

References