| Morphology | Zymomonas |
| CELLULAR |
| Staining | Gram- negative. |
| Morphology | Rod-shaped cells with rounded ends, occasionally ellipsoidal, usually in pairs, 2-6 um long and 1.0-1.4 um |
| Motility | wideUsually nonmotile; if motile, they possess one to four polar flagella. Motility may be lost spontaneously |
| Specialized structures |
| Division |
| COLONIAL |
| Solid surface | Colonies on the standard medium* are glistening, regularly edged, white to cream coloured, 1-2 mm in diameter after 2 days at 30`C. |
| Liquid |
| Growth Parameters | Zymomonas |
| PHYSIOLOGICAL |
| Tropism | Chemoorganotrophic, |
| Oxygen | Facultative anaerobic; some strains are obligately anaerobic |
| pH | pH 3.5-7.5. |
| Temperature | Optimum temperature 25-30`C |
| Requirements | Good growth is obtained only when a mixture of amino acids is present in the medium, but no one amino acid is essential. All strains require biotin and pantothenate. |
| Products | grows on and ferments 1 mol of glucose or fructose to almost 2 mol of ethanol, 2 mol of CO2 and some lactic acid. Some strains may also utilize sucrose, but other carbon sources are not used. Nitrates are not reduced and indole is not produced |
| Enzymes | Oxidase-negative. Gelatinase-negative |
| Unique features | .Zymomonas tolerates 5% ethanol , |
| ENVIRONMENTAL |
| Habitat | Zymomonas occur as a spoiler in beers, ciders and perries; as fermenting agents in Agave sap, palm sap and sugarcane juice; and on honey bees and in ripening honey |
| Lifestyle | |
| Pathogenicity |
| Distribution |
| Genome | Zymomonas |
| G+C Mol % | 7.5-49.5 (Tm) |
| Reference | Zymomonas |
| First citation | Kluyver,A.C. and C.B. van Niel (1936) Prospects for a natural system of classification of bacteria. Zentrabl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Infektionskr. Hyg. Abt. II 94:369-403 |
| The Prokaryotes | p |
| Bergey's Systematatic | p 576 J.Swings and J. De Ley |
| Bergey's Determinative | p 201 |
| References |