ACADEMIC INFORMATION 

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND HUMAN SCIENCES 

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE  

Degree Programs 

General, College of Engineering and Science Courses 

Biological Sciences 

Chemistry and Biochemistry 

Computer Science 

Economics 

Engineering  

Geography 
Officers of Instruction
Programs of Study
Course Descriptions

Geology 

Mathematics and Statistics 

Nursing 

Physics 

Interdisciplinary Programs 

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS, EDUCATION, AND LAW  

COLLEGE OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH 

AWARDS AND FINANCIAL AID 

GENERAL INFORMATION 

GENERAL INDEX 

GLOSSARY 
 

 4.8 Geography

Professors 
Stebelsky, Ihor; B.A., M.A. (Toronto), Ph.D. (Washington)—1968. 
Trenhaile, Alan S.; B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales)—1969. 

Romsa, Gerald H.; B.Sc. (Manitoba), M.A. (Waterloo), Ph.D. (Florida), M.C.I.P.—1970. 

Innes, Frank C.; B.Sc. (Glasgow), M.A., Ph.D. (McGill)—1972. 

Lakhan, V. Chris; B.A. (Guyana), M.A. (Windsor), Ph.D. (Toronto), F.R.G.S. (U.K.), C.E.S.(U.S.)—1984. 

Phipps, Alan G.; B.A. (Manchester), M.A. (Queen's), Ph.D. (Iowa), M.C.I.P.—1988. 

Associate Professors 
La Valle, Placido D.; B.A. (Columbia), M.A. (Southern Illinois), Ph.D. (State U. of Iowa)—1969. 

Duncan, Kirsty E.; B.A. (Toronto), Ph.D. (Edinburgh)—1993. 

Vakil, Anna C.; B.A. (Carleton), M.U.P. (McGill), Ph.D. (Michigan), M.A.P.A.—1993. 

Assistant Professor 
Mogyorody, Veronika; B.A. (Windsor), M.A. (Wayne State), B.Arch. (Detroit), Ph.D. (Rensselaer)—1977. 

Adjunct Associate Professors 
Caruso, Douglas J.; B.A. (British Columbia), M.A. (Minnesota), M.A.I.C.P., M.C.I.P.—1979. 

Sands, Gary; B.A., M.U.P. (Wayne State), Ph.D. (Cornell), M.A.P.A.—1989. 

4.8.1 PROGRAMS OF STUDY 
For Bachelor of Arts programs in General Geography, Honours Geography, Honours Geography in Environmental Resource Management, and Honours Planning, see 3.8.2. 

Regional Courses: The following courses may be used to fulfill the regional requirements of certain 

Geography programs: 42-312, 42-313, 42-315, 42-325, 42-335, 42-361, 42-415 (or 50-415), 42-425, and 42-448. 

Statistics Courses: Students taking 02-250 or 42-231 should note that additional credit will not be allowed for the equivalent statistics courses offered by other academic areas, but that substitution will be considered. 

Bachelor of Science (Honours Physical Geography) 

Admission requirements: OAC Calculus and two of OAC Chemistry, Physics, and Biology are required for admission. 

Total courses: forty. 

Major requirements: seventeen courses, including 42-100, 42-102, 42-103, 42-220, 42-221, 42-231, 42-246, 42-301, 42-302, 42-370, 42-443, 42-444, 42-490, and 42-491; plus two of 42-402, 42-403, or 42-405; and one of either 42-130 or 42-131. 

Other requirements: 
(a) three, two-course sequences chosen from both 55-140 and 55-141, both 59-140, and 59-141, both 
61-140 and 61-141, and both 64-140 and 64-141 ; 
(b) 02-250, 60-104, 62-140 and 62-141; 
(c) seven additional courses which could otherwise be credited towards the major requirements for a B.Sc. degree in Biology, Chemistry, Computer Science, Geology, Mathematics and Statistics, or Physics, or from the Faculty of Engineering, including any not already applied to (a) above; (d) one course from Arts/Languages; 
(e) five courses from any subject area, including Geography. (Recommended: 42-327 and 42-367.) 

Note: Students are reminded that only fourteen 100-level courses may be counted towards their degree. 

Bachelor of Science (Honours Geography in Environmental Resource Management) 

Admission requirements: OAC Calculus, Biology, and Chemistry are required; OAC Algebra and Geometry is also recommended. 

Total courses: forty. 

Major requirements: sixteen courses, including 42-100, 42-102, 42-103, 42-231, 42-246, 42-249, 42-301, 42-302, 42-332, 42-334, 42-402, 42-490, and 42-491; plus three of 42-220, 42-221, 42-261, 42-327, 42-351, 42-367, 42-403, 42-405, 42-453, and 42-459 

Other requirements: 
(a) twelve courses, consisting of 02-250, 55-140, 55-141, 55-200, 55-210, 59-140, 59-230, 61-141, 
61-242, 62-140, 62-141, and 64-140; 
(b) five additional courses chosen entirely from one or another of the following concentrations: 

Exotoxicology: 55-430, and four of 55-211, 55-234, 55-324, 55-325, 55-336, 55-435, 55-444, and 55-468; 

Waste Management: 93-224 and four of 61-436, 85-233, 93-211, 93-314, 93-321, 93-414, 93-425, and 93-426. 

(c) 41-110 and 41-111; plus one course from Arts/Languages; 
(d) four courses from any area of study, including Geography. (Recommended: 34-227, 35-213, 45-212, 64-290, 71-140.) 

4.8.2 COURSE DESCRIPTIONS 

Not all courses listed will necessarily be offered each year. 

42-100. Introduction to Geomorphology 
The landscapes of the earth, with particular reference to the glaciers, coastlines, rivers, and northern permafrost regions of Canada. (3 lecture hours a week.) 

42-102. Atmosphere and Climate 
An introduction to the atmosphere and the basic principles of meteorology and climatology. Topics include weather systems, atmospheric pollution and inadvertent climate modification, climate change and relationships between climate and living organisms. (3 lecture hours a week.) 

42-103. Geographical Techniques 
An introduction to geography and its techniques, such as mapping, remote sensing, surveys, and spatial statistics. Lectures and labs will improve basic mathematical and scientific knowledge, essay 
writing, and computer skills. (Restricted to first-year Geography majors.) (2 lecture, 2 laboratory hours a week.) 

42-130. Introduction to Economic Geography 
A systematic examination of dynamic factors in the various sectors of the economy and the geographic patterns which they tend to produce. (3 lecture hours, 1 laboratory hour a week.) 

42-131. Introduction to Cultural Geography 
An examination of social and cultural systems as they affect the relationship of humankind to the environment, with a special focus on world population dynamics and patterns of food supplies and 
nutrition, spatial patterns of religions, languages, and ethnicity at national and international levels. (3 lecture hours a week.) 

42-135. Introduction to Latin America 
An interdisciplinary course for students interested in Latin American studies reviewing the ethnology, geography, history, economy, and political development of the continent and the reflection of these in the literature and present development problems of the region. (Interested 
Geography students may take this course in addition to the required Geography courses, see 3.19.5.) (3 lecture hours a week.) 

42-150. Introductory Urban Geography 
A survey of the development of spatial aspects of urban life, principles of urban land use, and interaction patterns of urban activities. (3 lecture hours a week.) 

42-200. Introductory Resource Management 
Basic concepts pertaining to natural resources, the impact of their use on the ecosystem, and the problems in their management. Emphasis will be placed on the growing demand for resources, the 
functional interaction between human society and its physical environment, and the spatial patterns of resource use and ecological impact. (3 lecture hours a week.) 

42-220. Climatology 
A study of the major climatic elements, with special emphasis on the radiation budget, energy systems, and the hydrological cycle of the earth and the human environment. Climate classification, climatic change, climatological techniques, and aspects of applied climatology also will be examined. (Prerequisites: 42-102 and 42-103.) (2 lecture, 2 laboratory hours a week.) 

42-221. Geomorphology 
The study of landforms; their origins, structures, external expressions, and spatial arrangement. (Prerequisites: 42-100 and 02-250, or consent of instructor.) (2 lecture, 2 laboratory hours a week.) 

42-231. Statistical Geography 
After a review of univariate and bivariate statistical methods, an introduction to multivariate statistics for geographers and planners. Computer analyses of selected geographical data sets. (Prerequisite; 02-250 or equivalent.) (2 lecture, 2 laboratory hours a week.) 

42-246. Introduction to Cartography 
Basic concepts involved in cartographic methods, theory, and design, including map projections, map design, thematic maps, classification, symbolization, topographic maps, and map reproduction. (Restricted to Geography and Planning majors only.) (2 lecture, 2 laboratory hours a week.) 

42-249. Agricultural Geography 
Study of the physical, cultural, economic, and political factors influencing the spatial patterns and regional problems of world agriculture. (3 lecture hours a week.) 

42-250. Industrial Geography 
Survey of the theory and practice of industrial location. Special attention will be paid to Canada's industrial development. (3 lecture hours a week.) 

42-261. Medical Geography 
The course is concerned with the applications of geographical concepts and techniques to health-related problems. Its integration and coherence will derive from systems-related analysis of human-environment interactions through time and over space. Topics discussed include disease paradigms; stimuli of the physical, biological, and socio-cultural environment; genetic differentiation of humans and genetic susceptibility to disease; sources and recording of health data; disease models; the geography of vectored disease, non-vectored infectious diseases, chronic diseases, nutrition; the geography of health care. (Prerequisite; 42-131 or consent of instructor.) (2 lecture 
hours a week.) 

42-301. Field Techniques 
The basic methods of analyzing the physical and cultural elements of the landscape. (Prerequisites: 02-250, 42-100, and  42-103, or consent of instructor.) (2 lecture hours, 1 laboratory hour a week; 
a one-week field program also is required.) 

42-302. Air Photography—Interpretation and Photogrammetry 
Introduction to fundamentals of remote sensing,aerial photographs, the photographic process, methods of mapping from air photographs, and air photo interpretation for environmental assessment and resource management. (1 lecture hour, 2 laboratory hours a week.) 

42-312. Political Geography of the Former U.S.S.R. 
A regional description of the peoples and the lands they inhabit, the historic evolution of their cultures and political entities, their political aspirations, and territorial conflicts. (3 lecture hours a week.) 

42-313. Economic Geography of the Former U.S.S.R. 
A systematic analysis of the former Soviet Union with a special emphasis on the goals of the Communist party, agricultural and industrial resource potentials, development policies, and environmental, social and political impacts, including current problems of restructuring. (3 lecture hours a week.) 

42-315. Geography of Western Europe 
A systematic examination of the historical, cultural, and economic geography of the countries of Europe. (3 lecture hours a week.) 

42-324. Transportation Forms and Functions 
The organization and development of transportation systems; forms of transportation in national territories; transport policy and practice. (Prerequisites: 42-130 and 42-231.) (3 lecture hours a week.) 

42-325. Geographical Aspects of Modern Canada 
A regionally-based analysis of Canadian resources and lifestyles in the larger context of North America. Emphasis on native peoples' resource use strategies; Canada as an immigrant mosaic; and transitions from an agricultural, to an industrial, to a service-based economy; and the geographical implications. (3 lecture hours a week.) 

42-332. Principles of Resource Management 
Ecological theories and systems are examined. The biogeochemical cycles, structure, function, energy components, productivity, successional development, and equilibrium conditions of ecosystems are analyzed. The impact of human activities on resources, conservation strategies, and techniques for rational resource exploitation are evaluated. (Prerequisite: 42-200 or consent of 
instructor.) (3 lecture hours a week.) 

42-334. Environmental Impact Assessment 
This course provides an overview of the biogeophysical environment, and introduces peristametrics. The history, theories, and principles of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) will be examined and various methodologies for the preparation of an EIA report will be evaluated. Aspects of ethics, environmental laws, and administrative requirements for EIA studies in Canada are considered. EIA case studies are assessed and prepared. (Prerequisite: 42-332 or consent of instructor.) (3 lecture hours a week.) 

42-335. The Other Americas 
Geographic studies of middle and South America including the Caribbean. Resources, population, and cultural responses under the shadow of dependent development—and alternatives based on 
regionally-selected examples. (3 lecture hours a week.) 

42-337. Social Geography 
An introduction to the history of social geographical ideas, and the modern and post-modern concepts in social geography, with special application to western cities. (Prerequisite: one of 42-130, 42-131, or 42-150.) (3 lecture hours a week.) 

42-338. The City in Developing Countries 
Social and spatial organization of the city in developing countries in the context of planning. (Prerequisites: 42-130 and 42-150, or consent of instructor.) (3 lecture hours a week.) 

42-351. Geography of Energy Resources 
This course analyzes energy use from the concepts of thermodynamics, energy efficiency, economic progress, and environmental quality. The parameters governing the spatial and temporal flows of energy will be examined, and an appraisal will be given of the earth's energy resources, and projected demands for non-renewable energy resources. Alternative energy sources, models of energy systems, 
and energy policies of various governments will be considered. (3 lecture hours a week.) 

42-361. Introduction to African Development 
A multidisciplinary course introducing students to developmental issues currently confronting African countries and peoples, focusing on the sub-Saharan region. Using a sectoral approach, including health, education, agriculture, and the environment, the course reviews multiple and conflicting approaches to development and addresses both the potentials and the barriers associated with them. (3 lecture hours a week.) 

42-367. Soil Geography 
Principles and techniques of assessing and analyzing the spatial variations of soil systems. (Prerequisites: 02-250 and 42-221, or consent of instructor.) (2 lecture, 2 laboratory hours a week.) 

42-370. Climate Change 
A study of the causes of climate and climate change. Topics include the record of past climates, projection of future climate based on models incorporating anthropogenic factors, modification of local and regional climates, and the impact of these changes on the natural and human environment. (Prerequisite: 42-220 or consent of instructor.) (3 lecture hours a week.) 

42-392. Urban Systems 
Urban development is reviewed within its regional, national, and international contexts. Competing theoretical perspectives on urban change and underlying processes are examined. (Prerequisite: 
42-231, or equivalent statistics, or consent of instructor.) (2 lecture hours a week.) 

42-402. Remote Sensing 
An integrated course dealing with contemporary principles and applications of aerospace remote sensing. Emphasis will be placed on scanning systems; multispectral sensors; the identification and 
interpretation of spectral signatures; how the imagery obtained by sensors is analyzed optically or digitally to yield earth resource information; and the manipulation and display of remotely-sensed 
data. (Prerequisite: 42-302 or consent of instructor.) (2 lecture, 1.5 laboratory hours a week.) 

42-403. Computer Cartography 
This course emphasizes the principles, techniques, and applications of computer cartography, including introduction to computer hardware and software for cartography, digital elevation models, cartographic data structures, vector and raster data, thematic mapping, information extraction from remotely-sensed data, and symbolization. Introduction to various computer software packages for cartography. (Prerequisites: 02-250, 42-231, and 42-246, or consent of instructor.) (2 lecture, 2 laboratory hours a week.) 

42-405. Geographic Information Systems 
The principles and applications of GIS, including data input and output, data structures for GIS, GIS analysis functions, spatial modelling algorithms, and integration of remotely-sensed data with GIS. 
Hands-on practice with GIS systems. (Prerequisites: 42-231 and 42-403, or consent of instructor.) (1.5 lecture, 1.5 laboratory hours a week.) 

42-415. Advanced Regional Geography of Western Europe 
A seminar course focusing on selected topics, including immigration, social legislation, agriculture, environment, transportation, European Union, and regional development. (Prerequisite: third year standing or consent of instructor.) (3 lecture hours a week.) 

42-419. Advanced Field Studies 
A field course designed to provide experience in the systematic and comparative study of environmental and cultural conditions in regions that are significantly different from southern Ontario, such as the Canadian Arctic or regions of the United States, Europe, and the Caribbean. An additional fee is charged to cover travel and accommodations. (Prerequisite: 42-301 or consent of instructor.) (Normally 2 or 3 weeks during Intersession or Summer Session.) 

42-443. Coastal Geomorphology 
The processes and formation of coastlines and beaches. (Prerequisite: 42-100 or consent of instructor.) (2 lecture hours a week.) 

42-444. Glacial Geomorphology 
Selected topics in the study of glaciated landscapes. (Prerequisite: 42-100 or consent of instructor.) (2 lecture hours a week.) 

42-448. Historical Geography of Canada 
The nature of historical geography. Themes in Canadian historical geography in a continental context. Persistence and change in the landscape, the development of regional identities and nodes. 
Cultural evaluation of resources and changing technology, discussed in relation to heritage preservation and protection. (Prerequisites: 42-130 and 42-131, or Canadian Studies sequence.) (2 seminar hours weekly.) 

42-450. Advanced Topics in Geography 
Directed readings and research on a topic selected in consultation with instructor. (2 lecture hours a week.) (Credit may be obtained for only one of 42-450 or 50-450.)

42-453. Coastal Zone Management 
An analysis of current problems and practices associated with the management of coastal zone resources including shoreline erosion control, shoreline land use management, pollution control, as 
well as shoreline reclamation. The emphasis in this course will be on the Great Lakes. (Prerequisites: 02-250 and 42-100, or consent of instructor.) (2 lecture hours a week.) 

42-490. Research Strategies in Geography 
A seminar course on concepts and methodologies in research leading to formulation of a research project. (Prerequisite: fourth-year honours, make-up, or special student status with at least twelve courses in Geography, or consent of instructor.) 

42-491. Geography Research Projects 
Guided research based on primary and secondary sources on a research project. (Prerequisite: 42-490.) (Compulsory for fourth-year honours, make-up, or special students.)