| THE UNIVERSITY
ACADEMIC INFORMATION
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE
Degree Programs
General, College of Engineering and Science Courses
Biological Sciences
Chemistry and Biochemistry
Computer Science
Economics
Engineering
Geography
Geology
Mathematics and Statistics
Nursing
Physics
Officers of Instruction
Programs of Study
Course Descriptions
Interdisciplinary Programs
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS, EDUCATION, AND LAW
COLLEGE OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH
AWARDS AND FINANCIAL AID
GENERAL INFORMATION
GENERAL INDEX
GLOSSARY
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(Ext. 2647)
OFFICERS OF INSTRUCTION
Professors Emeriti
Krause, Lucjan; B.Sc. (London), M.A., Ph.D. (Toronto), D.Sc. (London;
Nicholas Copernicus), F.Inst.P.—1958.
Holuj, Frank; B.Sc. (London), M.Sc., Ph.D. (McMaster)—1961.
Szamosi, Geza; Ph.D., D.Sc. (Budapest)—1964.
Czajkowski, Mieczyslaw; M.Sc., D.Sc. (Nicholas Copernicus)—1967.
Schlesinger, Mordechay; M.Sc., Ph.D. (Jerusalem), F.Inst.P.—1968.
University Professors
Drake, Gordon W. F.; B.Sc. (McGill), M.Sc. (Western Ontario), Ph.D.
(York), F.Inst.P., F.R.S.C.—1969. (Killam Research Fellow, 1990–1992) (Head
of the Depatment)
McConkey, John William; B.Sc., Ph.D. (Queen's University of Belfast),
F.Inst.P.—1970. (Killam Research Fellow, 1986–1988)
Professors
van Wijngaarden, Arie; B.Sc., Ph.D. (McMaster)—1961.
Baylis, William Eric; B.S. (Duke), M.S. (Illinois), D.Sc. (Technical
University of Munich)—1969.
Atkinson, John Brian; M.A., D. Phil. (Oxford)—1972.
Helbing, Reinhard K. B.; Dipl. Phys., Dr. Rer. Nat. (Bonn)—1972.
Glass, Edward N.; B.S. (Carnegie-Mellon), M.S., Ph.D. (Syracuse)—1974.
Maev, Roman G.; B.Sc. (Moscow Physical Engineering Institute), M.Sc.
(Moscow Physical Technical University), Ph.D. (Lebedev)—1995.
Adjunct Professor
Snyder, Dexter Dean; B.A. (Wabash), Ph.D. (Massachusetts Inst. Technology)—1995
.
Cross Appointments
Aroca, Ricardo; B.Sc. (Chile), Ph.D. (Moscow State), D.Sc. (Leningrad)—1985.
Jones, William E.; B.Sc., M.Sc. (Mount Allison), Ph.D. (McGill)—1991.
4.12.1 PROGRAMS OF STUDY
Programs of study leading to the Bachelor of Science degree in Physics,
Honours Physics and Honours Physics and Computer Science are offered. All
programs are subject to the "General
University" and "College of Engineering and Science" regulations as
outlined in the relevant sections of this calendar.
PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS
All options must be approved by Physics.
Physics Major
Total courses: forty.
Major requirements: eighteen courses, including 64-140, 64-141, 64-151,
64-220, 64-221, 64-222,
64-250, 64-261, 64-310, 64-311, 64-320, 64-323, 64-331, 64-350, 64-450,
64-451 plus two of
64-351, 64-360, 64-381, 64-420, 64-463, 64-474, 64-481, 64-484, 64-485,
and 64-487.
Other requirements:
(a) 59-140, 59-141, 62-120, 62-140, 62-141, both 62-210 and 62-211
(or both 62-215 and 62-216),
62-218 (or 62-312), and 62-360;
(b) two additional B.Sc. Credit courses at the 200-level or higher
in the Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Computer Science, Geology, Mathematics
or Statistics that are approved by the Physics program coordinator.
(c) eleven additional courses from any area of study, including Physics.
RECOMMENDED COURSE SEQUENCE
Level 1: ten courses, including 59-140, 59-141, 62-120, 62-140,
62-141, 64-140, 64-141, and 64-151.
Level 2: ten courses, including both 62-210 and 62-211 (or both
62-215 and 62-216), 62-218, 64-220, 64-221, 64-222, 64-250, and 64-261.
Level 3: ten courses, including 62-360, 64-310, 64-311, 64-320,
64-323, 64-331, and 64-350.
Level 4: ten courses, including 64-450, and 64-451.
Physics Honours
Total courses: forty.
Major requirements: twenty courses, consisting of 64-140, 64-141, 64-151,
64-220, 64-221, 64-222,
64-250, 64-261, 64-310, 64-311, 64-320, 64-323, 64-331, 64-350, 64-412,
64-413, 64-443, 64-450, 64-451, and 64-460.
Other requirements:
(a) 59-140, 59-141, 62-120, 62-140, 62-141, both 62-210 and 62-211
(or both 62-215 and 62-216), 62-218 (or 62-312), and 62-360;
(b) eleven additional courses from any area of study, including Physics.
RECOMMENDED COURSE SEQUENCE
Level 1: ten courses, including 59-140, 59-141, 62-120, 62-140,
62-141, 64-140, 64-141, and 64-151.
Level 2: ten courses, including both 62-210 and 62-211 (or both
62-215 and 62-216), 62-218, 64-220, 64-221, 64-222, 64-250, and 64-261.
Level 3: ten courses, including 62-360, 64-310, 64-311, 64-320,
64-323, 64-331, and 64-350.
Level 4: ten courses, including 64-412, 64-413, 64-443, 64-450,
64-451 and 64-460.
SPECIALIZATION IN APPLIED PHYSICS
Honours students wishing to specialize in applied physics should select
additional courses in physics beyond the required minimum of twenty from
the following: 64-360, 64-381, 64-481, 64-484, 64-485, and 64-487.
Physics and Computer Science Honours
Total courses: forty.
Major requirements—Physics: fourteen courses, consisting of 64-140,
64-141, 64-151, 64-220, 64-221, 64-222, 64-250, 64-261, 64-314, 64-315,
64-320, 64-323, 64-350, and 64-360.
Major requirements—Computer Science: thirteen courses, consisting
of 60-100, 60-104, 60-140, 60-141, 60-212, 60-214, 60-231, 60-254, 60-255,
60-265, 60-330, and 60-499 (a 6.0 credit hour course.)
Other requirements:
(a) 62-100, 62-120, 62-140, 62-141, both 62-210 and 62-211 (or both
62-215 and 62-216), 62-218, 65-253 (or 65-250), 62-360, and 62-380;
(b) three courses from any area of study, including Physics and Computer
Science.
RECOMMENDED COURSE SEQUENCE
Level 1: 64-140, 64-141, 64-151, 60-100, 60-104, 60-140, 60-141,
62-100, 62-140, and 62-141.
Level 2: 64-220, 64-261, 60-212, 60-214, 60-231, 60-254, 60-255,
62-120, 62-210, and 62-211.
Level 3: 64-221, 64-222, 64-250, 64-314, 64-315, 60-265, 60-330,
62-218, 62-360, and one other course.
Level 4: 64-320, 64-323, 64-350, 64-360, 60-494 (a 6.0 credit
course), 62-380, 65-253, and two other courses.
Other Combined Honours Programs
Total courses: forty.
Major requirements—Physics: thirteen courses, consisting of 64-140,
64-141, 64-151, 64-220, 64-221, 64-222, 64-250, 64-261, 64-310, 64-311,
64-323, 64-331, and 64-350.
Major requirements—Other Subject: as prescribed by that area
of study.
Other requirements:
(a) 59-140, 59-141, 62-120, 62-140, 62-141, both 62-210 and 62-211
(or both 62-215 and 62-216), and 62-218;
(b) any additional, non-major requirements as determined by the second
area of study;
(c) additional courses, if necessary, from any area of study, to a
total of forty.
Minor in Physics
The minor in Physics consists of 64-140, 64-141, 64-151, and three
of 64-220, 64-221, 64-222, 64-250, and 64-261. Selected courses leading
to a minor in physics may not consist of antirequisites to courses in the
student's program. Students must also remember to select only courses which
may be otherwise counted for credit towards their degree programs.
Chemistry and Physics (Honours and Major Programs)
See Chemistry and Biochemistry, 4.4.1.
Bachelor of Science (General Science)
See College of Engineering and Science, 4.2.1.
Bachelor of Science (Science, Technology, and Society)
See College of Engineering and Science, 4.2.2.
Concurrent Bachelor of Science (Science, Technology, and Society)/
Bachelor of Education
See College of Engineering and Science, 4.2.3.
4.12.2 COURSE DESCRIPTIONS
Each Physics course is designated by the number 64- followed by 3 digits,
of which the first gives the level of the course and the second describes
the area of specialization. The third digit indicates when the course is
usually offered. Even numbers (and zero) generally correspond to courses
beginning in September and odd numbers to courses beginning in January.
Not all courses listed will necessarily be offered in each year.
64-100. Acoustics of Music I
Wave motion, pressure amplitudes, interference; propagation of sound;
simple harmonic oscillators; resonance, vibrating strings and air columns,
percussion instruments; natural modes of vibration, vibration recipes;
impedance; piano strings; hearing; pitch, loudness, tone
quality; intensity measurement and sound level; steady tones, harmonics,
Fourier spectra, modulation, electronic synthesis. (No prerequisite.) (2
lecture hours, 1 laboratory hour a week.)
64-101. Acoustics of Music II
Acoustical study of bowed stringed instruments, organs, flutes, reed
instruments, brass instruments, human voice; formants, feedback, input
impedance, harmonic spectra; room acoustics; sound reproduction; pitch
perception, combination tones, masking; consonance and
dissonance; tuning and temperament. (Prerequisite: 64-100.) (2 lecture
hours, 1 laboratory hour a week.)
64-114. Physical Concepts and Numeracy I
The development of critical quantitative thinking in applications of
physics to everyday phenomena. The course is designed for general, non-science
students but should also serve students majoring in science but weak in
problem solving skills. By helping students to sharpen their analytical
skills in applications of physical concepts, the course is meant to increase
numeracy without being heavily mathematical. It concentrates on mechanics,
properties of matter, and heat with the aid of tools such as vectors, functional
relationships, their graphical representations, and elements of statistics
and error analysis. (3 lecture hours a week.)
64-115. Physical Concepts and Numeracy II
A continuation of 64-114. Elements of sound, light, electricity and
magnetism, and concepts of waves, cycles, resonance, input/output, and
feedback, investigated with analytical tools including order-of-magnitude
estimates, elementary dimensional analysis, relative sizes, and scaling.
(Prerequisite: 64-114 or consent of instructor.) (3 lecture hours a week.)
64-140. Introductory Physics I
Mechanics; properties of matter and heat. A calculus-based course.
(Prerequisites: OAC Calculus. Recommended corequisite: 62-140. Students
weak in physics and problem solving may wish to take 64-114 and 64-115
first.) (3 lecture, 3 laboratory hours a week.)
64-141. Introductory Physics II
Wave motion, sound, electricity and magnetism, light, and modern physics.
(Prerequisite: 64-140.) (3 lecture, 3 laboratory hours a week.)
64-151. Introduction to Theoretical Methods
An introduction to practical problem solving and data analysis techniques
in physics, emphasizing computer-aided graphical and approximate computational
methods; order-of-magnitude estimations, the elements of dimensional analysis,
approximate evaluation
of functions, parameter optimization, complex numbers, an introduction
to fractals, vector algebra, dyads. (Prerequisites: 64-140 and 62-140.)
(2 lecture, 2 laboratory hours a week.)
64-190. Introduction to Astronomy I
The solar system with emphasis on the results of recent space exploration.
This is a descriptive course suitable for the non-scientist. (May be taken
by B.Sc. students for credit, but does not count as a Physics course or
other science option towards the fulfillment of the requirements for the
B.Sc. degree.) (2 lecture hours a week.)
64-191. Introduction to Astronomy II
The stars, galaxies, including pulsars, black holes, and quasars. Current
theories of the structure of the universe will be discussed. This is a
descriptive course suitable for the non-scientist. (May be taken by B.Sc.
students for credit, but does not count as a Physics
course or other science option towards the fulfillment of the requirements
for the B.Sc. degree.) (2 lecture hours a week.)
64-202. Physics and Society—The Past
The interaction between physics and society from prehistoric times
up to the industrial revolution is discussed. The ways in which man's growing
understanding of the physical universe has influenced practical skills,
and political, economic, and philosophical thinking are
extensively explored and developed. (Not open to first-year students.)
(2 lecture hours a week.)
64-203. Physics and Society—The Present
Modern society is dominated by the explosive development of physics
and technology from the industrial revolution to the present. This development
and its impact on society are explored. A number of topics of current interest
such as nuclear energy, world energy supplies, pollution, and possible
solutions to the energy crisis are discussed in detail. (Not open to first-year
students.) (2 lecture hours a week.)
64-204. Elements of Atomic Physics
Properties of waves, atomic structure, wave nature of matter. This
course is recommended for students in the Faculty of Engineering, and is
not available for credit toward a B.Sc. degree in Physics. (Corequisites:
85-111 and 85-124 or equivalent.) (3 lecture, 1.5 laboratory hours a week.)
64-220. Electricity and Magnetism
Introduction to electrostatics, D.C. circuits, magnetic induction,
A.C. circuit theory in complex notation. (Prerequisites: 64-141 and 62-141,
or consent of instructor.) (2 lecture, 3 laboratory hours a week.)
64-221. Electromagnetic Theory I
Electrostatic field and potential. Magnetic effects of currents, electromagnetic
induction. Introduction to Maxwell's equations. (Prerequisite: 64-220;
corequisite: 62-210 or 62-215 or equivalent.) (3 lecture, 3 laboratory
hours a week.)
64-222. Optics
Geometrical optics: review of laws of reflection and refraction; lenses
and mirrors (matrix optics); stops, optical systems, aberrations. Introduction
to wave optics; interferometry, diffraction, polarization, Fresnel equations,
elements of dispersion theory. (Prerequisites: 64-141 and 62-141.) (3 lecture,
3 laboratory hours a week.)
64-250. Mechanics
Newton's Laws, Galilean transformations, rotating reference frames,
conservation laws, angular momentum and torque, driven oscillators with
damping, dynamics of rigid bodies, inverse square forces, Lorentz transformation,
relativistic kinematics and dynamics. (Prerequisite: 64-140 or equivalent
and 64-151 or consent of instructor; corequisite: 62-210 or 62-215 or equivalent.)
(3 lecture hours, 1 tutorial hour a week.)
64-261. Basic Electronics
An introduction to digital and analog electronics. Binary numbers,
Boolean algebra, gates, and digital logic, logic levels for various types
of gate technology, logic circuits, decoders, multiplexers, flip-flops,
counters, shift registers, half/full adder. Voltage and current sources,
AC circuits, comparators, Schmitt trigger, timers, one-shots, wave shaping.
Basics of feedback, operational amplifiers and applications, principle
of superposition and Fourier analysis, active and passive
filters, D/A and A/D conversion digital/analog multiplication, time-to-digital
and voltage-to-frequency conversion, analog computing. (Prerequisite: 64-220;
corequisite: 62-210 or 62-215 or equivalent.) (3 lecture, 3 laboratory
hours a week.)
64-290. Physics, Energy, and the Environment
An introduction to physical processes with an impact on the environment.
Topics include nuclear energy, energy conversion, alternative energy sources,
and the atmosphere. The course is specifically designed for the non-physicist.
(Prerequisite: any 100-level course in the College of Engineering and Science.)
(2 lecture hours a week.)
64-291. Structure of Matter
A discussion of how modern physics has revolutionized our description
of the structure of matter. Topics include the wave-particle duality, quantum
theory, the nature of fundamental particles, implications for cosmology.
Applications to lasers, holography, semiconductors and the computer revolution
are discussed. The course is specifically designed for the non-scientist.
(May not be taken for credit toward a B.Sc. degree.) (Prerequisite: any
100-level course in the College of Engineering and Science.) (2 lecture
hours a week.)
64-310. Quantum Physics and Chemistry
Classical and quantum physics, relativistic physics, black-body radiation,
photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, atomic structure, Schroedinger
equation, particle in a box, harmonic oscillator.
(Prerequisites: 62-215 and 62-216 or equivalents.) (3 lecture, 3 laboratory
hours a week.)
64-311. Atomic and Molecular Spectra
Introduction to atomic and molecular spectroscopy, hydrogen and helium
atoms, perturbation theory. (Prerequisites: 64-310 or 64-314, 62-215, and
62-216, or equivalents.) (3 lecture, 3 laboratory hours
a week.)
64-314. Quantum Physics and Chemistry
(Same as 64-310 without the laboratory.) Classical and quantum physics,
black-body radiation, photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, atomic
structure, Schroedinger equation, particle in a box,
harmonic oscillator. (Prerequisites: 64-221, 62-215, and 62-216 or
equivalents.) (3 lecture hours a week.)
64-315. Atomic and Molecular Spectra
(Same as 64-311 without the laboratory.) Introduction to atomic and
molecular spectroscopy, hydrogen and helium atoms, perturbation theory.
(Prerequisites: 64-310 or 64-314, 62-215, and 62-216 or equivalents.) (3
lecture hours a week.)
64-320. Electromagnetic Theory II
Electrostatics, potential theory, boundary-value problems, Green functions,
multipole expansion, electrostatics of ponderable media, magnetostatics.
(Prerequisite: 64-221; corequisite: 62-360) (3
lecture hours a week.)
64-323. Electromagnetic Waves
Maxwell's equations in macroscopic media, gauge invariance; electromagnetic
waves in a relativistic formulation; propagation, refraction, and reflection
at dielectric and metal interfaces; polarization, Stokes parameters; Fourier
analysis; transmission lines, wave guides, relativistic dynamics of charges
in external fields; radiation from time-dependent currents, Liénard-Wiechert
potentials. (Prerequisites: 64-221, 64-222, 64-350, and 62-218.) (3 lecture,
3 laboratory/tutorial hours a week.)
64-331. Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
The nature of heat, the first, second, and third laws of thermodynamics
and their applications, equation of state, Maxwell's relations and applications
of thermodynamics to the properties of matter. Kinetic theory; statistical
mechanics and the statistical interpretation of thermodynamics; Boltzmann,
Fermi, and Bose distributions; applications. (Prerequisites: 64-141, 62-215,
and 62-216 or equivalents.) (3 lecture hours, 1 tutorial hour a week.)
64-350. Classical Mechanics I
Dynamics of particles and systems of particles; Newtonian mechanics
in the Lagrangean formulation; variational principles, conservation laws;
symmetry and Noether's theorem; special relativity; two-body central forces,
scattering; small oscillations. (Prerequisites: 64-250, 62-215, and 62-216
or equivalents.) (3 lecture hours, 1 tutorial hour a week.)
64-351. Classical Mechanics II
Rotational motion, non-inertial frames; rigid-body rotations, inertia
tensor, Euler's equations. Hamiltonian formulation; canonical transformations;
Poisson brackets, symmetry groups;
Hamilton-Jacobi theory; Schrödinger equation. (Prerequisite: 64-350.)
(3 lecture hours, 1 tutorial hour a week.)
64-360. Principles of Electronics
Basic concepts of solid state physics and applications. Atoms and energy
levels, levels in crystalline solids, energy bands, conduction mechanisms,
doping, p-n junction, various types of diodes, and
typical circuits. Bipolar transistor, collector characteristic, operating
point, small-signal parameters, single-transistor circuits, field-effect
transistors, multiple-transistor circuits. LSI device principles and applications.
(Prerequisite: 64-261.) (2 lecture, 3 laboratory hours a week.)
64-381. Principles and Application of Vacuum Techniques
Review of basic kinetic theory of gases; transport phenomena, viscous
and molecular flow; principles and applications of vacuum pumps, vacuum
gauges, and other components; leak detection; mass spectrometers and electronic
accessories; applications to optical coating, space simulation, and cryogenics
research; typical experiments involving charged and neutral particle beams.
(Prerequisite: 62-216 or equivalent.) (2 lecture hours a week.)
64-412. Research
Performance and written report of one or two supervised physics projects
in a recognized research laboratory, on- or off-campus, subject to approval,
and the laboratory supervisor. The student should
normally spend nine hours a week in the laboratory. In cases where
a single project is performed, the student is usually expected to make
an oral presentation of the results, in addition to the written report.
64-413. Research
Similar to 64-412.
64-420. Classical Electrodynamics
Conservation laws, Bremsstrahlung scattering of radiation, multipole
radiations fields, radiation reaction, Lorentz-Dirac equation. (Prerequisites:
64-320 and 64-323.) (3 lecture hours a week.)
64-424. Introduction to Plasma Physics
Review of atomic collisions and kinetic theory, motion of charged particles,
elementary processes in the production and decay of ionization in gases,
plasma waves and oscillations, transport
processes, elements of magnetohydrodynamic stability theory. Applications
of plasma physics. (Prerequisites: 64-311 or 64-315, and 62-360.) (3 lecture
hours a week.)
64-443. Quantum Optics and Spectroscopy
Emission and absorption of optical radiation, the widths of spectral
lines, stimulated emission and transition probabilities, atomic structure
and angular momentum coupling, the Zeeman effect, introduction to molecular
spectroscopy. (Prerequisites: 64-323 and 64-450.) (A directed, self-study
course. 1 consultation hour a week.)
64-450. Quantum Mechanics I
Probability amplitudes and transformations; operators and physical
observables; symmetries and conservation theorems; time-development operator
and Dyson expansion; two-state systems, density matrices; perturbation
theory and the variational method; identical particles, spin, the Thomas-Fermi
atom. (Prerequisites: 64-315, 64-350, and 62-360 or consent of instructor.)
(3 lecture hours a week.)
64-451. Quantum Mechanics II
Scattering in one and three dimensions, the S matrix, partial waves,
scattering phase shifts; JWKB approximation; the harmonic oscillator with
annihilation and creation operators; Schroedinger, Heisenberg, and interaction
pictures; matrix mechanics and Hilbert space; angular momenta and rotations.
(Prerequisite: 64-450.) (3 lectures a week.)
64-460. Condensed-Matter Physics
Elements of crystallography, crystal diffraction, reciprocal lattices,
lattice dynamics and thermal properties of solids, phonons, solution of
Schroedinger equation in periodic potential, band theory, Fermi surfaces
of metals and semiconductors, optical properties of dielectrics. (Prerequisite:
64-314 or consent of instructor.) (A directed, self-study course. 1 consultation
hour a week.)
64-463. Special topics in Physics
Advanced topics in contemporary physics. (Prerequisite: to be determined
according to the topic.) (May be given as a seminar course , or as a directed,
self-study course.)
64-474. Introduction to General Relativity
Curved spacetime, an introduction to differential geometry, general
covariance, Riemann tensor, Einstein field equations. (Prerequisite: 64-250
or consent of the instructor.) (3 lecture hours a week.)
64-481. Thin Films: Experiments, Theory and Applications
Definition of thin films and their classification; methods of preparation;
elements of high-vacuum technology; thin film formation, structure and
methods of investigation; mechanical, optical, electrical properties of
thin films and their application in modern technology. (Prerequisites:
64-311 or 64-220, and 64-222, or three years of Electrical Engineering
or Engineering Materials, or equivalent.) (3 lecture hours a week.)
64-484. Design and Application of Lasers
Stimulated emission, rate equation approach to amplification and output
power calculations; Gaussian beams, stable and unstable resonators, Q-switching,
mode-locking and cavity dumping,
ruby, Nd:YAG and other solid-state lasers, semi-conductor, gas and
dye lasers. (Prerequisites: 64-311 or 64-220, and 64-222, or three years
of Electrical Engineering or Engineering Materials, or
equivalent.) (3 lecture hours a week.)
64-485. Atmospheric and Environmental Physics
Physics of the atmosphere, general description and layering, interactions
of incoming and outgoing radiations, greenhouse effect, atmospheric thermodynamics
and stability, cloud physics, atmospheric
dynamics, gravity waves and turbulence, atmospheric photochemistry,
ozone layer, upper atmosphere, plasma and hydromagnetic effects, ionosphere,
air glow and aurora. (Prerequisite: 64-311 or 64-315 or consent of the
instructor.) (3 lecture hours a week.)
64-487. Applications of Electron and Ion Beams
Non-relativistic theory of charged particles in electric and magnetic
fields. Review of matrix optics, electrostatic lenses, magnetic lenses,
electrostatic and magnetic vector fields. Applications to energy
and mass analysis. The Liouville theorem and its consequences. Dense
electron beams and applications. (Prerequisites: 64-250, 64-221, 62-215,
and 62-216 or equivalents.) (2 lecture hours a week.) |
