Medical Virology

Lecture Topic	Format					Barron's Medical Microbiology
	Slides	Text	Animation	Download		Chapter Title	Author
PicoRNA viruses						Picornaviruses	Marguerite Yin-Murphy and Jeffrey W. Almond
Flavivirus						Alphaviruses (Togaviridae) and Flaviviruses (Flaviviridae)	Alan L. Schmaljohn and David J. McClain
Toga virus						Togaviruses: Rubella Virus	Paul D. Parkman
Bunyavirus						Bunyaviruses	Robert E. Shope
Arenavirus						Arenaviruses	Charles J. Pfau
Orthomyxovirus						Orthomyxoviruses	Robert B. Couch
Paramyxovirus						Paramyxoviruses	Gisela Enders
Coronavirus						Coronaviruses	David A. J. Tyrrell and Steven H. Myint
Rhabdovirus						Rhabdoviruses: Rabies Virus	Charles E. Rupprecht
AIDS						Human Retroviruses	Miles W. Cloyd
Rotavirus						Rotaviruses, Reoviruses, and Orbiviruses	Albert Z. Kapikian and Robert E. Shope
Parvovirus						Parvoviruses	John R. Pattison and Gary Patou
Norwalk virus						Norwalk Virus and Caliciviruses	Neil R. Blacklow
Papovavirus						Papovaviruses	Janet S. Butel
Adenoviruses						Adenoviruses	Walter Doerfler
Cytomegalovirus						Herpesviruses	Richard J. Whitley
Herpes Simplex						Herpesviruses	Richard J. Whitley
Herpes Zoster						Herpesviruses	Richard J. Whitley
Epstein Barr Virus						Herpesviruses	Richard J. Whitley
Pox Virus						Poxviruses	Derrick Baxby
Hepatitis						Hepatitis Viruses	Arie J. Zuckerman
Prions						Subacute Spongiform Virus Encephalopathies	Clarence J. Gibbs, Jr. And David M. Asher
Filovirus						Filoviruses	Heinz Feldmann and Hans Dieter Klenk

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

• Compare the characteristics ( size, genome, symmetry) of the adenoviruses with the poxviruses
• Identify which adenovirus serotypes are associat4ed with which diseases or forms of a disease.
• Describe how adenoviruses are transmitted and how they are diagnosed in a patient
• Explain why the eradication of smallpox was such an urgent mission of the World Health Organization.
• What do the numerous serotypes of adenovirus tell you about its infection abilities?
• Explain what advantages were provided by the eradication of smallpox in countries where the disease was not normally found.
• Describe the general characteristics of the herpesviruses
• Describe the general pathogenesisis of HSV
• Describe the pathogenesisis for primary infections of (a) cold sores and (b) genital herpes by HSV
• Describe the (a) mode of transmission and (b) the treatment of herpesvirus infections
• Explain the pathogenesis of chickenpox and how it differs from shingles
• Describe the major routes of transmission of CMV in relation to the diseases caused.
• Explain the pathogenesis of infectious mononucleosis
• How is a recurring fever blister caused by HSV similar to shingles caused by VZV?
• Why is the living attentuated chickenpox vaccine NOT recommended for children under 1 year of age?
• The Epstein Barr virus causes a type of cancer called Burkitts lymphoma in parts of the world where malaria is endemic. suggest a reason why the lymphoma is associated with people having malaria and proposes a reason why this form of cancer tends to be found in the jaw.
• Discuss the transmission, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of HSV
• Describe the pathogenesis of VZV
• Explain the difference between chickenpox and shingles
• Describe the diseases caused by CMV and EBV
• Discuss the transmission, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of CMV and EBV
• Describe the clinical symptoms of hepatitis.
• Compare and contrast Hepatitis A virus and Hepatitis B virus
• Identify how HAV and HBV are transmitted and the treatments for the diseases caused by HAV and HBV
• Describe the structure and behaviour of HCV and HDV
• Since there are several different viruses that cause hepatitis; explain what must be similar about all of these viruses
• Why is Hepatitis A called infectious hepatitis and Hepatitis B called serum hepatitis?
• A city health department closes down a restaurant because of a hepatitis outbreak. Which virus was probably the cause and how was it transmitted?
• Describe two unique characteristics of orthomyxovirus structure.
• Describe the differences in virulence between antigenic drift and antigenic shift.
• Compare the mechanisms of antigenic drift and antigenic shift
• Identify the localized signs of influenza and explain the origin of the system manifestations of an influenza
• Describe the nature of the influenza vaccine and why it gets modified each season.
• How do antigenic drift and antigenic shift affect the ability of the immune response to respond to an infection by influenza viruses?
• Describe the structural properties of the parainfluenza viruses
• Describe the clinical diseases caused by the RSV
• Explain the pathogenesis for (a) the mumps virus and (b) the measles virus.
• Describe how (a) the mumps virus and (b) the measles virus are transmitted.
• Explain how MMR vaccine is prepared.
• describe the outcomes for a pregnant female that becomes infected with rubella virus
• Provide an explanation for the name paramyxovirus
• Why is measles so contagious?
• Why is measles such a serious disease to undernourished children?
• Discuss why the rubella virus has such devastating effects on pregnancy during the first trimester but not by month four of pregnancy.
• List three different genera of the enteroviruses
• List four different members of the picornaviruses.
• Describe how rhinoviruses cause the common cold
• Explain how paralytic polio arises
• Compare the properties of the two polio vaccines
• Explain why polio spread as sanitary conditions improved.
• Identify the enteroviruses giving four examples.
• Why do humans "catch" a cold year after year?
• Describe the pathogenesis of rabies
• Describe the diagnosis of rabies virus in suspected animals
• Describe the vaccines that are available for human rabies
• Describe the Pasteur treatment for Rabies.
• Why was Pasteur's treatment of Joseph Meister for rabies unethical by today's standards?
• Why is the diagnosis of rabies in a person bitten on the neck more urgent than if bitten on the leg?
• Explain why rabies can be treated with active vaccination after exposure or infection has occurred.
• Since the natural reservoir for the ebola virus is unknown, what types of hospital and laboratory precautions should be followed to reduce the chances o spread of Ebola hemorrhagic disease?
• Discuss the complications that may follow measles and mumps
• List five different viruses involved in the common cold syndrome.
• What are the pros and cons of retaining samples of the smallpox virus? Should these last stocks be destroyed or should they be retained in case the disease has not truly been eliminated?
•  

Identify the human body systems affected by:

• adenoviruses
• poxviruses
• Herpesviruses
• Hepatitis virus
• orthomyxovirus
• paramyxoviruses
• picornaviruses
• rhabdoviruses
• Bunyaviruses
• togaviruses
• Norwalk virus

AIDS QUESTIONS

• Describe the screening tests for HIV infection
• Describe the clinical symptoms of AIDS
• Describe the various mechanisms for the depletion of CD4+ cells in AIDS patients
• Construct a Table summarizing the immunologic abnormalities associated with HIV infection.
• Construct a table showing the estimated incidence of AIDS around the world
• Draw a diagram to show the early and late stages in the expression of HIV-1 proviral DNA
• Discuss the origins of HIV-1, HIV-2 and HIV-0.
• Draw and label a diagram that shows activation of HIV provirus
• Draw and label a diagram show the steps in the infection of a target cell by HIV
• Construct a table of the cell types that can be infected by HIV.
• Discuss the factors that contribute to the genetic variation of HIV
• Draw and label cross sectional diagram of an HIV virion

Web Links

Baron's Medical Microbiology Complete table of contents for the fourth Edition. You can even order the book in a CD-ROM Version

Brock's Biology of Microorganisms Chapter 8 Viruses

NOVA See HIV in Action http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/aids/action.html

Dr. José Assouline, a neurobiologist and AIDS researcher at the University of Iowa College of Medicine, has spent several years creating these animations. They graphically represent the life cycle of HIV-1, from the initial binding of the viral particle onto a host cell (Viral Entry), through insinuation into the host cell's nucleus to spark the formation of new viral RNA strands (Viral Gene Transfer), and finally to the creation and migration out of the cell of a new HIV particle, complete with two copies of viral RNA (Viral Exit).

Improving HIV Therapy Scientific American July 1998 page 85

Disarming Flu Viruses by W. Graeme Laver, Norbert Bischofberger and Robert G. Websterver Scientific American Jan 1999

In Search of AIDS-Resistance Genes S. J. O'Brien & Michael Dean Scientific American Sept 1997

DEADLY ENIGMA Scientific American Dec 1996 Discussion on Mad Cow Disease

The following relevant articles also include online tests that can be taken for continuing education credits

Influenza Viral Infections: Presentation, Prevention, and Treatment From the Nurse Practioner Sept 1998.

Catching Up with New AIDS Drug Treatments From Nursing98

A B C D E&G: Understanding the Varieties of Viral Hepatitis From Nursing98 July 1998

Treating HIV Disease: Hope on the Horizon Nursing 98 November 1998

Viral Hepatitis: Primary Care Diagnosis and Management The Nurse Practioner Oct 1998

Genetic Vaccines by David B. Weiner and Ronald C. Kennedy Scientific American July 1999 Vaccines crafted from genetic material might one day prevent AIDS, malaria and other devastating infections that defy current immunization technologies. They may even help treat cancer

VIRAL GENE SCREEN Scientific American Aug 1999 U.S. blood banks turn to genetic testing to find HIV and hepatitis C viruses in donations