Medical Bacteriology
Lectures Key Terms Questions Cross Links Multiple Choice Questions Updated 17/01/02

Lecture Topic Format
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Actinomyces        
Bacillus  
Bordetella        
Borrelia        
Brucella        
Campylobacter        
Chlamydia  
Clostridium  
Corynebacteria  
E coli        
Enterics  
Haemophilus        
Helicobacter        
Legionella        
Leprosy  
Listeria  
Mycobacterium  
Mycoplasma  
Neisseria  
Plague        
Pseudomonas        
Rickettsia  
Salmonella  
Shigella        
Spirochaetes  
Staphylococcus  
Streptococcus  
Vibrio        

 

 

Cross links
Baron
Medical Microbiology
Table of Contents		 Brock 9th Ed
Biology of Microorganisms
Tortora:
Microbiology An Introduction		 Jacquelyn Black 4th Ed
Microbiology:
Principles & Explorations
CDC WEB SEARCH Microbiology Reference
Shelf
The following Web links are derived from SpringNet which offers online Continuing Education credits for ANCC/AACN

Fever: Upping the Body's Thermostat : Nursing98 Oct 1998

Understanding the Hemodynamics of Sepsis Critical Care Choices May 1997

Key Terms
abcess arthritis aseptic bacteremia
blood agar coagulase debridgement endocarditis
enterotoxin exfoliatin hemoysis alpha hemolysis
beta hemolysis gamma hemolysis intoxication meningitis
osteomyelitis pneumonia pyogenic scalded skin syndrome
toxic shock syndrome suppuration acute antigenic
bile capsule carrier rate catalase
oxidase childbirth fever puerperal fever consolidation
edematous erysipelas erythema erythrogenic toxin
glomerulonephritis hyaluronidase impetigo Lancefield groups
Rebecca Lancefield lobar pneumonia M protein necrotizing fasciitis
nephritogenic optochin otitis media pharyngitis
pleurisy pneumococcal pneumolysin purulent
pyoderma rheumatic fever septicemia sequela
serotype sputum streptokinase streptolysin 0
streptolysin S \asot titre gonococcus
hemorrhagic meninges meningococcus neurologic
occult pelvic inflammatory disease scalingitis septic arthritis
spinal meningitis vas deferens gonococcal opthalmia neonatorum arthalgia
bejal cardiolipin chancre congenital
endemic epidemic pandemic erythema migrans
gumma myalgia neurosyphilis pinta
yaws reagin STS STD
antitoxin acetylcholine active immunization anaerobic cellulitis
cellulitis colitis passive immunization crepitation
pseudomembrane tetanus immune globulin lockjaw trismus
risus sardonicus opisthotonos tetany toxemia
beta corynephage diptheroids eschar ersipeloid
etioligc agent lysogeny listeriosis metachromatic granule
schicke test ubiquitous pseudomembrane pleomaprhic
palisade cells aerosolized attentuate BCG
caeous necrosis chronic Hansen's disease lepromatous
lepromin Mantous test miliary tuberculosis productive
exudative old tuberculin tuberculin test purified protein derivitative
reactivation TB sanitarium leprosorium tubercle
tuberculin tuberculoid primary atypical pneumonia urethritis
walking pneumonia pneumoina alba pleuropneumonia cat scratch disease
cervicitis conjunctivitis elementary body endemic typhus
epidemic typhus inclusion body reticulate body psittacosis
trachoma inclusion conjunctivitis nongonococcal urethritis transovarian passage

Short Answer Questions

  1. Describe the morphological and cultural characteristics of the Staphylococcocci
  2. Discuss the terms pyogenic and suppuration in relation to staphylcoccal pathogenesis
  3. List the type of virulence factors associated with S. aureus pathogenicity
  4. Explain the difference between spuerficial and systemic infections
  5. Describe the pathogenesis of toxic shock syndrome and scalded skin syndrome
  6. Explain the difference between an infection and an intoxication.
  7. Discuss athe transmission of S. aureus
  8. Describe the tests used to indentify different species of Staphylococcocus.
  9. Describe the treatment prevention and control of staphylococcal infections
  10. List and describe the types of staphylococcal diseases associated with the human body systems.
  11. Describe the characteristics signs of S. aureus infection of the superficial skin layers
  12. Provide examples of superficial and systemic Staphylococcal infections.
  13. .Describe those features common to toxic shock syndrome and scalded skin syndrome
  14. Describe the steps medical personnel take when treating patients with staphylococcal infections
  15. Describe the procedures for prevention of staphylococcal infections in hospitals
  16. Describe how S. aureus differs from S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus
  17. Why is the development of methicillin resistent staphylcoccus of concern to medical professionals?
  18. describe the advantage of using blood agatr to culture bacteria like staphylocococci
  19. You are given a pure culture of a bacterial species. Explain how (a) you would determine if it is a member of the staphylococci and if it is how you would indentify the species.
  20. Identify what information the names Staphylococcus aureus. S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus give you.
  21. List the general characteristics of the streptococci.
  22. Explain the differences betweeen beta and alpha hemolysis
  23. Explain what the Lancefield system uses to classify streptococci.
  24. Describe the virulence factors produced by . S. pyogenes to evade body defenses and cause tissue damage
  25. List and describe the major infections caused by S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae
  26. Describe the diagnostic tests used to identify different species of Streptococcus.
  27. Describe the mode of transmission for S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae
  28. Describe the treatment, prevention and control of streptococcal infections
  29. Identify the other groups of streptococci and the diseases associated with infection
  30. List and describe the types of streptococcal diseases associated with the human body systems
  31. Discuss how the Lancefield system classifies the streptococci. Identify to which groups S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae belong.
  32. Describe briefly the disease of pharyngitis, scarlet fever, puerperal fever and pneumonia.
  33. Describe the modes of transmission of (a) S. pyogenes and (b) S. pneumoniae
  34. Describe two differences between prevention strategies for S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae
  35. Describe the diseases associated with group B. Group D and the viridans groups
  36. Describe how Streptococcus pneumoniae causes pneumonia
  37. Explain why scarlet fever was a common cause of death prior to the advent of penicillin.
  38. Explain why rheumatic fever is considered a poststreptococcal diseases
  39. You are given a culture plate containg colonies of Staphylcoccus epidermidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Explain how you would detrermine which colonies are which bacteria.
  40. List the common characteristics of the members of the genus Neisseria.
  41. Describe how the two species N. meingitidis and N. gonorrhoaeae can be differentiated.
  42. Describe the pathogenesis of menigococcal infections
  43. Explain how meningococci are transmitted and how they are diagnosed.
  44. discuss the treatment prevention and control of meningococcal diseases
  45. Describe the pathogenesis of gonorrhea in (a) males, (B) females and (c) children
  46. Explain how gonococi are transmitted and how they are diagnosed in males and females.
  47. discuss the treatment prevention and control of gonorrhea.
  48. Identify the body systems affected by N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhaeae
  49. Explain how meningococcal infections are diagnosed
  50. List the sequence of steps leading to meningococcal meningitis
  51. Describe the mode of transmission of meningococcal infections and the types of contacts that can occur.
  52. List the sequence of steps leading to gonorrhea in (A) adult males (b) adult females and (c) newborns.
  53. A fellow lab technician has forgotten to label two microscope slides, one of which contains cells of Neisseria gonorrhaeae and the of which contains sptreptococcal cells. Explain how you could tell with the compound microscope which slide is which organism.
  54. Explain why infants between 6-24 months of age have a higher incidence of meningococcal disease than the average population.
  55. Gonococcal conjunctivitis can be prevented in newborns by either (a) placing drops of silver nitrate or (b) drops of erythromycin or tetracycline directly into the conjunctiva of the newborns. Explain how these chemicals and antibiotics prevent the disease. Which of these treatments is preferred for routine use in Canada? Why?
  56. Describe the characteristics of Treponema pallidum
  57. List and explain the stages of syphilis in adults
  58. Explain the possible outcomes of congenital syphilis
  59. Identify the diseases caused by Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira
  60. Identify the disease caused by Treponema.
  61. Identify the diseases caused by Borrelia..
  62. Identify the diseases caused by Leptospira.
  63. Explain the transmission, diagnosis, treatment and prevention and control of infections caused by Borrelia burgdorferi
  64. Discuss the (a) transmission source, (b) types of disease and (c) symptoms of relapsing fever.
  65. Describe two clinical stages of lyme disease.
  66. Describe two two types of serological tests used to diagnose syphilis
  67. Describe the signs and symptoms for each stage of syphilis
  68. Identify the mode of transmission and therapy for lyme disease.
  69. Describe the vaccine that has been approved for Lyme Disease
  70. Identify the portal of entry and the pathogenesis of Leptospira interrogans
  71. Explain why T. pallidum cannot be grown in artificial culture media.
  72. Propose a reason why penicillin will not block progression of tertiary syphilis
  73. Discuss reasons why the number of cases of lyme disease has been steadily increasing
  74. Identify the etiologic spirochate agent based on the following signs and symptoms
  75. (a) patient has only flu-like symptoms. Agent can be isolated and cultured on artificial media
  76. (b) patient has multiple lesions on the body and suffers from headaches, fever and sore throat.
  77. (c) the patient has severe illness involving nausea, vomiting and prostration. After an afebrile period of about 10 days, the patient has the initial symptoms but with decreasing severity.
  78. Describe the common and unique characteristics of species in the genus Clostridium
  79. Explain the role of exotoxins in tetanus and botulism
  80. Describe the transmission, diagnosis, treatment prevention and control of infections cuased by C. tetani, C. botulinum and C. perfringens.
  81. Identify (a) where the toxins from C. tetani and C. botulinum originate and (b) how they differ in their mode of acxtion.
  82. Explain how (a) transmission and (b) treatment differ between tetanus and botulism
  83. Describe the signs and symptoms of tetanus
  84. Describe the signs and symtoms of botulism
  85. Explain how food poisoning caused by C. botulism and C. perfringens differ.
  86. Based on the mode of action of botulinum toxin, what are some useful medical interventions with this toxin? What are some of the problems?
  87. Explain how one bacterium, C. perfringens can cause three different diseases (cellulitis, gas gangrene and food posioning).
  88. A patient of your has bacteriaemia characterized by the presence of clostridia in the blood. What does this result mean and what should the patient be told.?
  89. Describe the common and unique characteristcis of Corynebacterium, Listeria and Bacillus species
  90. Explain the role of toxins in diphtheria.
  91. Explain the role of toxins in anthrax
  92. Describe the transmission, diagnosis, treatment and prevention and control of infections caused by C. diphtheriae.
  93. Describe three clinicial forms of anthrax.
  94. Describe the transmission diagnosis, treatment and prevention and control of infections caused by B. anthracis.
  95. Describe the transmission of C. diphtheriae and the treatment of diphtheria
  96. Describe the steps used to control an epidemic of diphtheria such as occurred in the Newly Independent States, formerly USSR, in the early 1990's.
  97. Explain the regulation of the tox gene for diphtheria
  98. Describe the mechanism of action of diphtheria toxin
  99. Recently, the government of Canada became concerned about agents of germ warfare. Why would germ warfare using anthrax pose a danger to military forces? How is this threat reduced?
  100. Explain why tuberculosis is considered as a reemerging disease worldwide.
  101. Describe the common and unique characteristics of the mycobacteria.
  102. Explain the various stages and progression of tuberculosis.
  103. Discuss the transmission, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of tuberculosis
  104. Discuss the virulence factors produced by Mycobacteria.
  105. Describe the alternative strategies used for the detection and hence control of tuberculosis in eastern Europe vs North America.
  106. Describe BCG, and its mechanism of action.
  107. Describe the immunological phenomena associated with TB.
  108. Decsribe the causes and pathogenesis of leprosy.
  109. Describe the transmission, diagnosis, treatment and prevention and control of infections caused by. M. leprae.
  110. Tuberculosis used to be called " Consumption". Explain why that term was applied to the disease.
  111. The treatment period with antimicrobials for M. tuberculosis is 6-24 months. Explain why the treatment period is so long.
  112. Explain the strategy of antimicrobial therapy for tuberculosis.
  113. Identify the common and unique characteristics of the mycoplasma
  114. Describe the general pathogenesis of Mycoplasm pneumoniae
  115. Discuss the transmission, diagnosis, treatment prevention and control of mycoplasmal disease
  116. Describe the general pathogenesis of primary atypical pneumonia
  117. Describe the (a) mode of transmission and (b) treatment for primary atypical pneumonia
  118. Describe the general characteristics of the chlamydiae and rickettsiae.
  119. Explain the replication stages of chlamydia.
  120. Discuss the diseases caused by C. trachomatis, C. psittaci and C. pneumoniae
  121. Describe the diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of C. trachomatis.
  122. Describe the spotted fever and typhus diseases associated with human infections of the rickettsiae.
  123. Describe the diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of the rickettsiae.
  124. Identify the human body systems affected by chlamydial and rickettsial disease
  125. Describe the morphological and physiological similarities and differences between the chlamysiae and rickettsiae
  126. Describe the replication process of the chlamydiae.
  127. discuss the treatment and control of chlamydial infections
  128. Describe the vectors for rickettsial disease transmission
  129. Discuss the treatment and control of rickettsial infections