(Ext. 2486)
Sonnenfeld, Peter; Absolut. Rer. Nat. (Comenius U., Bratislava), Dr. Rer. Nat. (Charles U., Prague), P. Geol.—1966.
Smith, Terence E.; B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales)—1969.
Hudec, Peter P.; B.Sc. (Western Ontario), M.S., Ph.D. (Rensselaer Polytech. Inst.)—1970.
Symons, David T.A.; B.A.Sc. (Toronto), A.M. (Harvard), Ph.D. (Toronto), P. Eng.—1970.
Turek, Andrew; B.Sc. (Edinburgh), M.Sc. (Alberta), Ph.D. (Australian National U.), P. Eng.—1971.
Simpson, Frank; B.Sc. (Edinburgh), Dr. Nat. Sc. (Jagiellonian U., Krakow), P. Eng.—1974.
Blackburn, William H.; B.Sc. (St. Francis Xavier), Ph.D. (Massachusetts Inst. Technology)—1989. (Head of the Department)
Fryer, Brian J.; B.Sc. (McMaster), Ph.D. (Massachusetts Inst. Technology)—1993. (Dean of the Faculty)
Rodrigues, Cyril G. I.; B.Sc. (British Columbia), M.Sc., Ph.D. (Carleton)—1979.
Samson, Iain M.; B.Sc., Ph.D. (Strathclyde)—1986.
Al-Aasm, Ihsan S.; B.Sc., M.Sc. (Baghdad), Ph.D. (Ottawa)—1989.
The Department of Earth Sciences offers programs leading to the Bachelor of Science degree in Honours Geology and Honours Environmental Geology, and to general degrees in Geology and Environmental Geology. All programs are subject to the regulations of the Faculty of Science as outlined in 5.3.1 and 5.3.2.
Course Numbering: The first digit of the three-digit course number indicates the year of undergraduate studies in which the course is normally taken. Field Camp, 61-380 follows the Winter term.
Note: Geology and Environmental Geology students are strongly urged to consult with an Earth Sciences advisor at the start of each term.
Note: Students wishing to take additional Biological Sciences courses later in their program must take both 55-114 and 55-115.
Total courses: thirty.
Major requirements: twelve courses, including 61-100, 61-101, 61-220, 61-221, and 61-380.
Other requirements:
(a)
59-110 (or 59-102 or 59-130), 59-135 (or 59-131), 60-104, 62-113 (or 62-110);
(b)
plus two of 55-114, 55-201, 59-240, 59-250, 60-206, 62-115 (or 62-111) 64-102, 64-103, or 65-253;
(c)
four courses from the Faculties of Arts and Social Science, with a minimum of one from each;
(d)
four courses from any department, school, or faculty, including Earth Sciences;
(e)
four courses from any department, school, or faculty, excluding Earth Sciences.
Level 1: ten courses, including 59-110, 59-135, 60-104, 61-100, 61-101, and 62-113.
Level 2: ten courses, including 61-220, 61-221, and four other geology courses at the 200 level.
Level 3: ten courses, including 61-380 and three other geology courses at the 300 or 400 level.
Total courses: thirty.
Major requirements: twelve courses, including 61-100, 61-101, 61-220, 61-221, 61-242, 61-380, and 61-436.
Other requirements:
(a)
55-114, 55-115, 59-110 (or 59-102 or 59-130), 59-135 (or 59-131), 60-104, 62-113 (or 62-110), and 65-253;
(b)
three of 55-201, 55-210, 59-235, 59-240, 59-250, 60-206, 62-115 (or 62-111), 64-102, and 64-103;
(c)
either 34-227 or 35-213;
(d)
one course from the Faculty of Social Science. (Recommended: 41-110, 41-111, 42-102, 42-200, 42-332, 42-334, 42-459, 45-212, and 48-320 (or 49-320).)
(e)
two additional courses from the Faculties of Arts or Social Science, including courses recommended in (c) and (d) above;
(f)
four courses from any department, school, or faculty. (Recommended: 99-213.)
Level 1: ten courses, including 55-114, 55-115, 59-110, 59-135, 60-104, 61-100, 61-101, and 62-113 (or 62-110).
Level 2: ten courses, including 61-220, 61-221, 61-242, and two other geology courses at the 200 level.
Level 3: ten courses, including 61-380, 61-436, and three other geology courses at the 300 or 400 level.
Total courses: forty.
Major requirements: twenty-three courses, including 61-100, 61-101, 61-220, 61-221, 61-380, and 61-499 (a 6.00 credit hour course). (61-470 may be counted towards the twenty-three course requirement only with departmental permission.)
Other requirements:
(a)
59-110 (or 59-102, or 59-130), 59-135 (or 59-131), 60-104, 62-113 (or 62-110), and 65-253;
(b)
plus three of 55-114, 55-201, 59-240, 59-250, 60-206, 62-115 (or 62-111), 64-102 (or 64-106 or 64-110), and 64-103 (or 64-107 or 64-111);
(c)
four courses from the Faculties of Arts and Social Science, with at least one from each;
(d)
five courses from any department, school, or faculty.
Level 1: ten courses, including 59-110, 59-135, 60-104, 61-100, 61-101, and 62-113 (or 62-110).
Level 2: ten courses, including 61-220, 61-221, and four other geology courses at the 200 level.
Level 3: ten courses, including 61-380 and six other geology courses at the 300 or 400 level.
Level 4: ten courses, including 61-499 (a 6.00 credit hour course), and six other geology courses at the 300 or 400 level.
This program is for students who wish to pursue a career in the environmental sciences with a geologic emphasis.
Total courses: forty.
Major requirements: sixteen courses, including 61-100, 61-101, 61-220, 61-221, 61-242, 61-327, 61-380, 61-430, 61-436, 61-437, 61-440, and 61-499 (a 6.00 credit hour course).
Other requirements:
(a)
55-114, 55-115, 59-110 (or 59-102 or 59-130), 59-135 (or 59-131), 60-104, 62-113 (or 62-110), and 65-253;
(b)
eight courses from: 55-206, 55-210, 55-324, 55-444, 59-235, 59-240, 59-241, 59-250, 60-206, 62-115 (or 62-111), 64-102 (or 64-106 or 64-110), and 64-103 (or 64-107 or 64-111);
(c)
either 34-227 or 35-213;
(d)
one course from the Faculty of Social Science. (Recommended: 41-110, 41-111, 42-102, 42-200, 42-332, 42-334, 42-459, 45-212, and 48-320 (or 49-320).
(e)
two additional courses from the Faculties of Arts or Social Science, including courses recommended in (d) above;
(f)
five courses from any department, school, or faculty. (Recommended: 99-213.)
Level 1: ten courses, including 55-114, 55-115, 59-110 (or 59-102 or 59-130), 59-135 (or 59-131), 60-104, 61-100, 61-101, 62-113 (or 62-110), and 65-253.
Level 2: ten courses, including 61-220, 61-221, 61-242.
Level 3: ten courses, including 61-327, and 61-380.
Level 4: ten courses, including 61-430, 61-436, 61-437, 61-440, and 61-499 (a 6.00 credit hour course).
Other Combined Honours Programs
Students may obtain an honours B.Sc. degree in Geology combined with another subject area in the Faculty of Science or another faculty. Before embarking upon such a program, students are highly recommended to consult with both the Department of Earth Sciences and the department, school or faculty of the other major.
For Faculty of Science regulations, see 5.3.2.
Total courses: forty.
Major requirements—Geology: fourteen courses, consisting of 61-100, 61-101, 61-220, 61-221, and 61-242; plus nine other courses at the 200 level or above.
Major requirements—Other Subject: fourteen courses as prescribed by that department or school.
(a)
59-110, 59-135, 60-104, and 62-113 (or 62-110);
(b)
four courses from 55-114, 55-201, 59-240, 59-250, 60-206, 62-115 (or 62-111), 64-102 (or 64-106 or 64-110), 64-103 (or 64-107 or 64-111), and 65-253;
(c)
four courses from any department, school or faculty, excluding the Faculty of Science and the faculty of the other major.
A minor in Geology consists of 61-100, 61-101, and four other Geology courses at the 200 level or above. Students are reminded to select courses that may be taken for credit towards the B.Sc. degree.
Students may obtain a B.Sc. in Honours Geology with a minor in Chemistry, Biochemistry, Computer Science, Physics, or Geography. Before embarking on such a program, students are highly recommended to consult with a departmental advisor in both Earth Sciences and the other department.
The Co-operative Education Program is available for students in both the Honours Geology and the Honours Environemntal Geology degree programs. The Co-op program aims to provide students with exposure to practical aspects of the Earth Sciences during their undergraduate years. The program alternates study terms and three paid work terms, beginning at the end of the second year of study. The experience gained while participating in these structured and supervised work placements is viewed as an integral component of the student's educatio. More detainled information about the program can be obtained in the Co-operative Education Office in Dillon Hall.
Students seeking admission to the Co-operative Education Program must be admitted to the FAculty of Science and enrolled as full-time students in the Department of Earth Sciences. By MArch 31 of their frist year of study, students must apply directly to the Co-operative Education Office. Interviews will be held during the Fall term of the second year of study, and preliminary admission to the co-op program will be based on the student's academic performance during the first year of study. Final acceptance will be mad by mid-March in the Winter term of the second year of study, and based upon academic perfromance up to that date. A series of interviews with prospective employers wil take place at this time. Normally, only students achieving a cumulative average of B or better will be accepted into the program.
Co-op students will apply for work placement positions advertised by the Administrator of the Co-oerative Education Program. These job postings will include relevant information regarding responsibilities, location, wages, etc. Students will apply to the employers of their chioce.
Employers will be provided with a complete listing of co-op students interested in their employment opportunities. Letters of application, resumes, and academic transcripts will be forwarded to the employers, who will select the students they wish to interview. The Department of Earth Sciences does not guarantee placement, but every reasonable effort will be made to ensure that appropriate employment is made available.
First Year
Fall Term: Study term
Winter Term: Study term
Fall Term: Study term
Winter Term: Study term
Summer Term: Work term
Fall Term: Study term
Winter Term: Work term
Summer Term: Study term
Fall Term: Work term
Winter Term: Study term
Summer Term: Study term
Upon the recommendation of the employer and, where deemed appropriate, in consultation with the Department, the Administrator of the Co-operative Education Program will evaluate the student's perfromance at the conclusion of each Work Term. A student's performance in a Work Term will be evaluated as either "Satisfactory or "Unsatisfactory".
Students who obtain an evaluation of "Unsatisfactory", or who do not report for interviews, or who fail to report to an employer after accepting work, or who are dismissed for cause, or who leave an employer without permission, may be required by the Academic Standing Committee to withdraw from the Co-operative Education Program.
A student who obtains an evaluation of "Unsatisfactory" in any two Work Terms will be required to withdraw from the Co-operative Education Program.
A student who fails to maintain an cumulative average of B or better will be required to withdraw from the Co-operative Education Program.
See Faculty of Science, 5.3.1.
See Faculty of Science, 5.3.1.
All courses listed will not necessarily be offered each year.
Introduction to rocks and minerals, and to the earth processes responsible for earthquakes, volcanoes, drifting continents, sea-floor spreading, and rock deformation. This course is designed for Science majors. (Antirequisite: 61-110.) (2 lecture, 2 laboratory hours a week.)
A review of the major rock types, with emphasis on the sedimentary rocks. Structure of the earth and plate tectonics. Weathering and soils. Sedimentary processes, including those of the marine, coastal, fluvial, eolian, and glacial environments. Mass wasting. Geologic time, fossils and evolution, and earth history. Groundwater, mineral, and energy resources. Environmental earth science. This course is designed for Science and Engineering majors. (Antirequisite: 61-111.) (2 lecture, 2 laboratory hours a week.)
Rocks and minerals and the processes of formation of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Volcanism, earthquakes, and the Earth's interior. Continents and ocean basins, plate tectonics, and continental drift. This course is designed for non-science majors. (May not be taken for credit toward a B.Sc. degree.) (Antirequisite: 61-100.) (2 lecture hours a week.)
A summary of the major rock types and plate tectonics: surface processes, including those of the marine, transitional and continental environments; geologic time; geologic dating techniques, the fossil record, and evolution; groundwater, mineral, and energy resources. (May not be taken for credit toward a B.Sc. degree.) (Antirequisite: 61-101.) (2 lecture hours a week.)
Satellite geophysics and geologic data concerning long-term changes to the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and surface environment. Issues include global warming, greenhouse effect, ozone layer, deforestation, desertification, energy choices, and water and mineral supply. This course is designed for non-Science majors. (May be taken for credit by B.Sc. students, but does not count as a Geology course or other Science option towards the fulfillment of the requirements of the B.Sc. degree.) (2 lecture hours a week.)
Geological, biological, physical, and chemical aspects of the oceans; exploration techniques, instruments, and vessels; origin of the oceans; ocean circulation; ocean and climate; waves and tides; marine resources. This course is designed for non-Science majors. (May not be taken for credit towards a B.Sc. degree in Geology or Environmental Geology.) (2 lecture hours a week.)
Effect of geologic factors on the environment: pollution of groundwater, ground subsidence, nuclear waste disposal, sub surface disposal of liquid wastes, earthquake prediction and control. This course is specifically designed for the non-scientist. (May not be taken for credit towards a B.Sc. degree in Geology or Environmental Geology.) (2 lecture hours a week or equivalent.)
Aid, international development, and Earth processes; integration of water-resource management, soil conservation, and agroforestry; geological hazards in a tropical setting; small-scale mining and conservation of mineral resources; engineering an improved quality of life in developing nations. (May not be taken for credit towards a B.Sc. degree in Geology or Environmental Geology.) (2 lecture hours a week or equivalent.)
An introduction to mineralogy, including symmetry, crystallography, crystal classes and systems, and physical properties and identification of minerals. Introductory study of igneous rocks, including their mineralogy, texture, classification, field occurrence, and origins. (Prerequisite: 61-101; pre- or corequisites: 61-100 and 59-102 or 59-110 or 59-130.) (3 lecture, 3 laboratory hours a week.)
A study of the common sedimentary and metamorphic rocks including their minerals, textures, field occurrences, classifications, and origins. (Prerequisite: 61-220.) (3 lecture, 3 laboratory hours a week; field trips.)
The occurrence and classification of the major invertebrate phyla; the role of invertebrate fossils in the correlation of sedimentary strata and paleoenvironmental analysis. (Prerequisite: 61-101.) (2 lecture, 3 laboratory hours a week.)
Composition and structure of the earth, fundamentals of crystal chemistry and thermodynamics and their relationship to crystal structure and formation, chemical principles as applied to geologic materials and processes. (Prerequisites: 59-102 or 59-110 or 59-130 and 61-220.) (2 lecture, 1 tutorial hours a week.)
Plate tectonic processes and the major features of crustal evolution; analysis of the Earth's interior using seismologic and other geophysical evidence; introductory tectonic and geophysical problems. (2 lecture, 2 laboratory hours a week.)
Discussion of Earth resources: water, soil, minerals, energy, and their environmental impact. Causes and effects of global climactic changes—past, present, and future. Hydrogeology; surface and groundwater contamination, landfill siting and monitoring. Geologic hazards; earthquakes and volcanoes; landslides and subsidence; coastal and river erosion. Glacial forms and air photo interpretation. Waste management in geology. (Prerequisite: 61-101.) (2 lecture, 2 tutorial hours a week.)
Earth systems, including climactic extremes, the industrialized ecosystem; decisions under uncertainty in mineral-resource exploration and development; rational approach to decision making, alternatives to decision analysis; environmental impact assessment and risk management, expert systems approach to environmental problem solving, applications in less developed countries. (May not be taken for credit towards a B.Sc. degree in Geology or Environmental Geology.) (3 lecture hours a week.)
Cyclical flow of energy and matter in nature, human interaction with environmental processes, elements of policy analysis; environmental management systems and environmental impact assessment; environmental audit processes, steps in design and delivery; mineral resource development and the audit protocols; from audit to action plan, auditing the audit. (May not be taken for credit towards a B.Sc. degree in Geology or Environmental Geology.) (3 lecture hours a week.)
A more advanced study of minerals, emphasizing the theory and practice of mineral identification using optical methods and x-ray diffraction. Both transmitted and reflected microscopy will be covered. (Prerequisite: 61-221.) (2 lecture, 3 laboratory hours a week.)
Cosmochemistry and the origin of the Earth; chemical composition of the Earth as a whole, the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere; geochronology and cosmochronology. Geology of the processes of the interior of the Earth. (Prerequisite: 61-225.) (2 lecture hours a week.)
The principles of lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy; surface and subsurface stratigraphic methods; concepts of facies; identification and interpretation of sedimentary sequences; stratigraphic maps, including numerical techniques; applications in resource exploration. (Prerequisites: 61-222 and 61-324.) (3 lecture, 3 laboratory hours a week.)
A review of the principal depositional environments of clastic and carbonate rocks; discussion of sediment transport processes and the generation of sedimentary structures; textural and mineralogical properties of sediment and sedimentary rocks, including comparison of ancient and modern depositional environments. Economic aspects of sedimentary rocks. Microscopic and laboratory examination of selected sedimentary rock types will be complemented by field work in the local area. (Prerequisites: 61-221 and 61-222.) (2 lecture, 3 laboratory hours a week; field trips.)
The distribution and origins of igneous and metamorphic rocks in light of physical, chemical, and tectonic constraints. The laboratory will include hand specimen and microscopic study of typical rock suites and the solution of petrologic problems. (Prerequisites: 61-225 and 61-300.) (3 lecture, 3 laboratory hours a week.)
Rock deformation; primary and secondary structures; analysis and classification of folds and faults; interpretation of geologic maps; solution of structural problems. (Prerequisite: 61-100.) (3 lecture, 3 laboratory hours a week.)
Geological mapping methods. An additional fee is charged to defray the costs of accommodation. (Prerequisite: 61-221.) (2 weeks; immediately following the Winter term examination period.)
Geology and genesis of metallic and industrial mineral deposits. Introduction to ore-forming processes and mineral exploration. (Prerequisite: 61-325.) (2 lecture, 3 laboratory hours a week, field trips.)
Geochemical environments, dispersion, mobility, reactions. Geochemical exploration. Environmental geochemistry. Analytical methods in geochemistry. Determination of major and trace elements in rocks. (Prerequisite: 59-102 or 59-110 or 59-130 or consent of instructor.) (2 lecture, 3 laboratory hours a week.)
Classification of sedimentary basins, pressure-temperature variation, compaction and porosity-permeability distribution, groundwater regime and hydrogeologic environment, fluid-rock interaction, diagenetic reactions, organic matter, mineralization, and basin history. (Prerequisites: 61-323 and 61-324 or consent of instructor.) (3 lecture/seminar hours a week.)
An introduction to the use of seismic, electrical, electromagnetic and other geophysical methods used in near-surface environmental and engineering assessment studies. (2 lecture, 3 laboratory hours a week.)
Introduction to hydrogeology covering: hydrogeologic properties of porous media, flow nets, groundwater resource evaluation, groundwater chemistry, geology of groundwater occurrence, groundwater and the hydrologic cycle, and an introduction to groundwater contamination. (2 lecture, 3 laboratory hours a week.)
Valuation of economic deposits. Engineering properties of rocks. Weathering and durability of rocks used in construction. Elements of soil mechanics. Glacial soils and their geotechnical properties. Engineering aspects of geotechnical hazards; slope stability and land subsidence; shoreline engineering; earthquake engineering. Subsurface investigation, site selection. Engineering geology case histories.(Prerequisite: 61-327.) (3 lecture, 3 laboratory hours a week.)
Mineral, hydrocarbon, and water resources, their origins and exploitation. Weathering and environmental cycles. Reactivity of minerals in mining, manufacturing, and agricultural environments. Environmental impact of resource exploitation. Inorganic reactions in soils and sediments. Inorganic biogeochemistry, including the effects of toxicity and deficiency on health. Case histories will be investigated in a seminar format. (Prerequisite: 61-225 or consent of instructor.) (2 lecture hours, 1 tutorial hour a week.)
Selected topics of current interest. (Prerequisite: consent of instructor and Head of Department.) (3 lecture hours a week.)
Each student will be required to carry out a selected research project and write a report under the supervision of a staff member. The student must register in two terms; the grade will be assigned at the end of the second term. (A 6.00 credit hour course.) (Restricted to only Level 4 honours Geology and Environmental Geology students.)