Immune Effector Responses

Thinking is the hardest work in the world;
and most of us will go to great lengths to avoid it
Louise Dudley

Readings Resources Outline Objectives Questions Multiple Choice Lexicon Updated 04/10/00

Who am I? I was born in England but worked mainly in Switzerland. I received the 1984 Nobel prize for my theoretical work on the immune system. I developed the network theory of antibody production and described the selective theory of antibody formation

 

Tables Antigens causing Delayed type hypersensitivity

RESOURCES

 

PowerPoint Animations
 
PowerPoint Slide Shows
Immunological Effector Responses
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes "in action" as shown at the Cells Alive! site.

URL --> http://www.cellsalive.com/ctl.htm

Plasma cell differentiation
Information and images about plasma cell differentiation at a site in the Department of Parasitology (Immunology), Faculty of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube City, Japan.

URL --> http://www.sv.cc.yamaguchi-u.ac.jp/~plasma/msg/nextpage/plasma04.html

Cell mediated and Humoral Effector Responses: on line graphics presentation

 

ASSIGNED READING

CHAPTER 16: pp 379-412

OUTLINE/SUMMARY

  1. Effector Responses of Cell Mediated Immunity
  2. Direct cytotoxic responses
  3. Delayed type hypersensitivity(DTH)
  4. Effect Responses of Humoral Immunity
  5. Regulation of Immune Effector Response

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES

DEFINE THE FOLLOWING KEY TERMS

clonal anergy clonal deletion immunological tolerance
tolerogen Suppressor T cells  

ON COMPLETION OF THIS SECTION THE STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

  1. Define and conceptualize immunological tolerance
  2. Describe and experiment that shows tolerance indcution
  3. Outline the mechanisms that induce self tolerance

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

  1. Briefly discuss the three phases of an immune response.
  2. Which phase is most complex and why?
  3. In which phase does antigen have little importance and why?
  4. What distinguishes humoral immunity from cell mediated immunity?
  5. What do we mean by a primary and a secondary immune response?
  6. What characteristics usually distinguish the two responses?
  7. Briefly discuss the antigen elimination curve.
  8. What things affect the shape of the curve and how does this affect antibody production?
  9. Briefly describe the four phases of a primary antibody response.
  10. When comparing the primary and secondary antibody responses, three things change during the secondary antibody response.
  11. What are they?
  12. Which one do you consider the most important? Why?
  13. Early experiments showing the importance of lymphocytes to immunity followed two approaches.
  14. What were they?
  15. How did they differ?
  16. What were some of the initial observations that arose from these two approaches?
  17. Describe the carrier effect.
  18. How did the study of the carrier effect resolve whether T and B cells needed to react specifically with the same epitope on an antigen molecule, and whether T cells and B cells are specific for distinct antigenic determinants on a complex antigen?
  19. Claman and his collegues provided the first direct evidence that, for antibody responses, synergy was required between T cells and B cells.
  20. Describe the experiment.
  21. Did the experiment show which cell did what? Explain. see the following for details
  22. Claman, H. N., E.A. Chaperon and R.F. Triplett (1966) Thymus marrow cell combinations. Synergism in antibody production. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol Med. 122:1167-1171
  23. Two kinds of immune cells are needed for antibody responses.
  24. Mitchell and Miller's experiment demonstrated which cell did what. How could they do this experiment if they did not have antibodies specific for the two immune cells?
  25. Describe how Mitchison used the idea of the carrier effect to determine whether the interacting T and B cells recognized the same or different epitopes on a complex antigen.
  26. Design an experiment proving that B cells recognize the haptenic portion of a hapten carrier complex and that T cells provide help in this interaction.
  27. B cells can internalize and process antigen.
  28. This fact resolves the following question:
    "How could T helper cells with one receptor for both an antigen fragment and an MHC-II molecule on the surface of a macrophage provide antigen-specific help to a B cell bearing antigen in its antibody receptor?"
  29. How do macrophages contribute to antibody production?
  30. How can the mixed lymphocyte reaction and the cytotoxicity reaction be used to explain how T cells help other T cells and which cell provides help and which cell mediates cytotoxicity?
  31. Helper T cells can be divided into two subsets based on their lymphokine secretion profile. Explain.
  32. As an immune response progesses, it needs to limit itself and decrease in intensity. How does antibody feedback accomplish this?
  33. Niels Jerne states that "antibodies recognize" and are "being recognized" explain this statement in terms of the network hypothesis.
  34. Briefly describe the dowregulatory cross regulation between certain cytokines during the humoral immune response.
  35. How does immunodificiency differ from immunotolerance?
  36. Design an experiment that shows tha "In utero" or "in ovo" exposure to forein antigens leads to tolerance in the adult animal.
  37. The clonal selection theory lends support to the idea of immunologic tolerance. Explain.
  38. Briefly discuss some of the conditions that affect the initiation of immunologic tolerance.
  39. What is common among these conditions?
  40. What are some of the basic differences between an antigen and a tolerogen?
  41. Tolerance of self- antigens seems to be permanent, while experimentally induced tolerance is not. Explain.
  42. The idea of clonal deletion suggests that self reactive cells are eliminated (no cells to react to self antigens; therefore, we tolerant self antigens), yet autoimmune diseases occur (react to self antigens). Explain.